Effects of mass media worksheet Essay

What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? In the early 1900’s newspapers was the main form of mass media. Over the years there were many developments in the evolution of mass media in the 20th century. The major developments were the radio, television, and the internet. Radio came along in the early decades of the 20th century. They were considered to less expensive than telephones and by the 1920’s it was likely that most homes had a radio. Radio did something that newspapers could not do. It allowed many people all over to listen to same thing at the same time. Many people tuned in for updates on the war going on at this time. After radio the next form of mass media was the television. In 1946, about 17,000 televisions existed in the United States; within 7 years, two-thirds of American households owned at least one set. (â€Å"Media and Culture†, Ch. 1, p.32) Television brought along the ability for Americans to not only hear a certain message but for them to see it also. ABC, NBC, and CBS were the 3 major networks that controlled most of the things that Americans watched on television. After television the next major development in mass media was the internet. The first computers were big and bulky and were mainly used by businesses. Eventually computers that people could have in their home were produced. People could access the internet through the phone lines in their home. The internet became a new way for people to communicate with others all around the world. It also opened up many other possibilities for people like doing research, or shopping. How did each development influence American cul ture? The development of radio influenced American culture in many ways. It opened up a whole new way marketing for those who were trying to sell products. It gave them the ability to reach massive audiences they could not reach before. Radio became the main source of entertainment for most Americans early in the 20th century. They would get their news updates,  listen to sporting events, and listen to advertisements. Many believe everything that was said on the radio and lived their lives according to what they heard. From what food to eat, what clothes to wear, radio gave them a sense of how they should be living. With the development of television it gave Americans the ability to put a face to the voice we hear on the radio. I would say that television is a big part of most people’s lives today. Many people today form their beliefs and opinions about certain things from what they see about it on the TV. Politics is a very good example of this. The development of the internet has major influences on American culture today. Most of the world uses the internet daily in some form whether it is on our computer, tablet, smartphone or some other internet ready device. The internet has opened many doors that were not open in years past. One example is it gives people that are not able to attend college in person a chance to earn a college degree. The internet has now become one of the main ways that people communicate. It offers us the ability to stay in touch with friends and family through social media and it gives us ways to meet new people.

Allman Brothers Band

Hailing from Macon, Georgia, the Allman Brothers Band were know as the foremost architects of Southern rock (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). The band was known for their jam or improvisational sessions and forged a new musical offshoot from several elements of music blues, jazz, soul, R&B, and rock and roll. They help advance the genre of rock and roll, along with groups like the Grateful Dead and Cream (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005).The Allman Brothers Band developed a type of â€Å"jam† session that required a distinct level of technical genius and musical literacy, which was somewhat new to rock and roll (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). Duane Allman, an original guitarist, and Dickey Betts broke the barrier with sensational guitar riffs and extended solos (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). This combined with front man Gregg Allman’s husky, soulful vocals dro ve the Allman Brothers Band to rock and roll powerhouse from their 1969 beginnings (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005).The legendary band was formed in Jacksonville, Florida on March 26, 1969. The Allman Brothers Band was comprised of Gregg Allman, Duane Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Butch Trucks, and Berry Oakley (Freeman, 1995). The brothers, Gregg and Duane, were in other garage bands before the Allman Brothers Band (Freeman, 1995). The Allman Brothers Band played shows throughout the south prior to the release of their debut album, the Allman Brothers Band. The critics adored the album; however, the album attracted only limited listeners and consisted of a cult audience (Freeman, 1995).Their follow-up album, Idlewild South, was a mass success, both with critics and listeners. Idlewild South became a rather profitable album, as well. The Allman Brothers Band received a great honor of playing the last act at the Fillmore East before its closin g in June 1971. These last acts also received a renowned status due to their ability to play all night long (Kimball, 1971). Gregg Allman was noted to say that it was hard to realize how long they were playing until the morning light poured in (Kimball, 1971).In 1971, the Allman Brothers Band was virtually kicked in the groin when Duane Allman was killed in a catastrophic motorcycle crash in Macon, Georgia (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). Gregg Allman said his brother Duane was the most intense person he knew. Only a year later, on November 11, 1972, Allman Brothers Band bassist, Berry Oakley died in a similar situation – his death occurred only a few blocks from Duane’s accident site (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). The band regrouped and persevered.A second keyboardist, Chuck Leavell, added a jazz-like dimension. Lamar Williams later replaced Oakley as the band’s bassist. The most commercially successful album came in wake of their tragic losses (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). The double album Eat a Peach reached number four on the charts. This album included Duane Allman’s last three studio performances. In 1973, Brothers and Sisters soared to number one and stayed there for five weeks, which included classics like â€Å"Blue Sky† and â€Å"Ramblin’ Man,† and lengthy pieces.In the same year, the Allman Band, along with the Grateful Dead, performed at the Grand Prix Racecourse in front of 600,000 rock and roll fans (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). The mid-seventies proved problematic with substance abuse and internal disagreement. This triggered a two-year hiatus. However, the Gregg Allman band toured with the Dickey Betts Band in August of 1978 (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). This rejoined the Allman Brothers Band and reverted to their classic dual-guitar line up.They w ould then move from Capricorn to Arista records. History repeats itself and the Allman Brothers Band disbanded again in 1982 (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). In 1989, Dreams, the box set, was released, and the band reunited for what would later become the most productive chapters in their history. With two additions, Warren Haynes and Allen Woody, the band was revitalized. Their playing was as strong as ever, even dating back to the late Duane Allman and Berry Oakley (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005).The most stable line-up in the history of the Allman Brothers Band capitalized in 1991. The septet was consisted of Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Butch Trucks, Jaimoe Johanson, Warren Haynes, Allen Woody, and Marc Quinones (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). Warren Haynes passed through their ranks capturing the technique and passion of the late Duane Allman (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005).The Allman Brothers Band released two of their most inspired albums in the early nineties, Shades of Two Worlds and Where It All Begins (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). This line-up came to an end with the departure of Haynes and Woody to their side project Government Mule (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005). In 2000, the band forced Dickey Betts to sit out for personal and professional reasons during their summer tour.A bitter argument rose from this – Dickey Betts filled a lawsuit against the other three original members and the summer disconnection became a permanent divorce (Freeman, 1995). The band release a live album, Peakin’ At the Beacon, that chronicled the annual March tradition of a several night stand at the Beacon Theater in New York City. However, within that same year, bassist Allen Woody was found dead on August 26th. Warren Haynes began appearing with the Allman Brothers Band in 200 and rejoin ed full-time in 2001 (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Allman Brothers Band, 2005).The Allman Brothers gathered back to back Grammy Award nominations in 2003 and 2004 in the category of Best Rock Instrumental for performance of â€Å"Instrumental Illness. † The Rolling Stone magazine named Duane Allman, Warren Haynes, Dickey Betts, and Derek Trucks to their list of top 100 greatest guitarist (Kimball, 1971). Allman came in at number two, and Derek Trucks being the youngest on the list. The Allman Brothers Band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for many reasons. Their influential blended rock style paved the way for Southern rock.Their all-night, play to dawn sessions were fan favorites. Their albums were critically acclaimed and Grammy worthy. This band is legendary and according to George Kimball of Rolling Stones magazine â€Å", This is the best damn rock and roll band this country has produced†¦(Kimball, 1971). References Freeman, Scott. Midnight Riders The Story of the Allman Brothers Band. 1995. Kimball, George. Fillmore East Review. Rolling Stone magazine. 1971. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Allman Brothers Band. 2005.

HND in Business Accounting& Management Essay

Operations Management explores the way organizations produce and distribute goods and services. Everything you wear, eat, sit on, use or read comes to you courtesy of the operations managers who organized its production and distribution. Goods such as automobiles, airplanes, computers and houses, must be produced, as do the services provided by hospitals, ski resorts, trucks, and airlines. It’s the job of an operations manager to make sure these activities occur when and how they are planned. This explanation reflects the essential nature of operations management: it is the central activity in organizing things. Operations Management is the systematic development and control of the processes that transform inputs into goods and services. The operations function comprises a significant percentage of the employees and physical assets in most organizations. Operations Managers are concerned with each step in providing a product or service. They determine what should go into an operating system, such as equipment, labour, facilities, materials, energy, and information, to produce the output. Operations Managers are also responsible for critical activities such as materials management, capacity planning, purchasing, scheduling and quality. The importance of Operations Management has increased dramatically in recent years. Significant competition, shorter product and service life cycles, better educated and quality-conscious consumers, and the capabilities of new technology have placed pressures on the operations function to improve productivity while providing a broader array of high-quality products and services. Such like IEKA An organization that gets the binomial concept â€Å"operations and business management† right is more likely to experience short-term success and run efficient activities. The business might, for example, prevent errors in its record-keeping processes and rein in waste in money-eating mechanisms — a perennial source of concern for top management. Given the importance of operational management, company principals may work with department heads and business-unit chiefs to draw up strategic blueprints and ask them to remain discreet about the company’s operational tactics. The goal is not to convene a periodic top-level meeting and plot strategy in a warlike room, but to set sound procedures to make sure the architects of the company’s blueprint keep mum about its objectives, resources and action plans. TASK2 Ikea because according to the specific market environment for the correct operation strategy, that was a huge commercial success.Ikea’s household concept in the beginning of its creating had clear definition, that is: to provide a wide variety, beautiful and practical, ordinary people can afford the household articles for use.However, with the development of The Times, and constantly changing consumer demand, ikea’s household concept also constantly enrich and perfect.Then, on the basis of the original, ikea household concept began with environmental factors.In particular, household concept of ikea is mainly in household concept of the masses.In most cases, expensive home furnishings is well-designed for a few people can afford to buy.From the early stages of creation, ikea will chose a different path, ikea decided to stand with most people.This means that ikea should meet the household needs of most people in the world, which meet with many different need, grade, dreams, and financial resources, at the same time hope to improve household needs and create a better life.In ikea, everywhere can see pasted on the wall of the ikea business motto: â€Å"ikea will provide a wide range of design at a low price beautiful, fully functional household products, ensure that most people have the ability to buy.†General household the management idea of success is based on partnership between ikea and customers.On the one hand, ikea ikea do the right thing to do.First of all, ikea designers and manufacturers to cooperate, in order to find out the use of the existing production process manufacturing furniture clever way.Then, ikea’s purchasing companies around the world with the most appropriate suppliers of raw materials.Finally, ikea in global bulk purchase, ensure that ikea can get the lowest price.On the other hand, the customer do what they should do, namely through the ikea catalogue, visit the ikea store, choose furniture and customize the warehouse take delivery.Since most goods using tablet packaging, customers can easily to carry it home and assembled.In this way, customers can save a lot of cost.As a result, building with ikea low price, together create a better everyday life.Visible, ikea shows popular household concept for most people service business ideas.In high-end household take the high-quality goods in the 1950 s, ikea this breakthrough will surely shows its forward-looking strategies. Ikea is not just a product, it has its own retail system.Ikea’s retail chain system adopted the operating strategy, in the global retail business through a wholly-owned crown stores and franchisees two modes of operation (blue and red group).As of August 31, 2003, 186 ikea stores in 43 countries and regions, including Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania region, ikea also continues to increase.There are 165 as a wholly owned stores, distribution in 29 countries and regions.In addition, in Australia, the united Arab emirates, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Israel, Malaysia, Singapore, Iceland and Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and other 14 countries and regions, there are 21 franchise, except for the ikea group a franchisor to own and run.Ikea’s chain operation has been a huge success, and thus a high international reputation for ikea.In 2004, ikea’s operating income of 12.8 billion euros, net profit more than 1.1 billion euros, employs 84000 workers, as the world’s biggest household goods retailer.Low price strategy is refers to through continuous compression cost, thus reduce prices, to win the market strategy.Ikea has been that only provide beautifully designed, practical series of products is not enough, also should make most people can afford to buy, in order to for most people rather than a few people to create a better life.After all, money is not much can meet the needs of the household consumer satisfaction.Therefore, ikea emphasizes the low-price strategy in the management strategy.Low price strategy ikea is the core of the operating strategy, ikea has unusual significance.Both household concept, cost control and other aspects of management measures, in the final analysis is to ikea’s low price strategy.The success of ikea’s low price strategy mainly from the following several aspects: adhere to the principle of small profit, principle of small profit in business is braving the down the sharp weapon, but also an important guarantee of ikea’s low price strategy to success.After 60 years of development, ikea has always unswervingly implement the principl e.Low-cost system, guarantee the normal way of thinking of most enterprises, first in terms of product design and pricing, however, ikea has a tradition, price the product first and then followed by the specific design, finally find suppliers according to the established design.So it will be in the system design ensures the ikea, low prices.Ikea’s pricing method is also unique, often use price matrix method for new product pricing.Ikea has three price – high, medium and low grade, four basic style, modern, country and young Swedish – northern Europe.In order to identify market opportunities, which is responsible for the product will take in charge of the committee’s instructions, the existing product prices to fill him in grid, and then look for space.First start from the little space of committee instructions, for example, have been found in the high price of ikea products for a large number of independent kitchen island, but he has lost those suitable f or apartment or office cheap kitchen supplies.Then, head of products through the investigation to determine the cost of the new product competition, the goal is to lower than competitors’ prices by 30% ~ 50%, in this way, the price of ikea point occurs.This is the product manager for the low price of products of ikea kitchen utensils and appliances.The pricing model is kill two birds with one stone, it reflected the ikea has always been the production of standard and sales of the original and cheap, and also contains all to determine the content of the device in the conceptual design . TASK3 Operational management deals with the nitty-gritty basics of how a company operates, such as keeping track of spending costs and cash flow as well as maintaining a supply line. Some of the best managers have been those who have found ways to make the basic operations of a company more efficient. Operational management requires knowledge of a constantly changing variety of data and variables, and skillful and flexible planning is required. Strategic management does not merely have to do with setting broad and lofty goals, but works to establish a plan over the long term that will work toward those goals. This involves taking into account such factors as competition and consumer demand. The most successful business visionaries have been able to establish very realistic pictures of the market and operate within the constrictions that they were given by the market. Strategic management takes a great deal of common sense. Despite the clear distinctions we are making it is also important t o understand that operational and strategic planning are interrelated and complementary decision processes, which must link to each other, inform and support one another for effective management of strategies. Operational planning is the day-by-day, week-by-week, and month-by-month planning for a myriad of local and functional activities; strategic planning sets the overall direction of your organisation as a whole, its destiny if you will. The decisions that constitute the strategic plan include what the enterprise is not currently doing, but should be doing. The choices of what to do imply other things that the organization deliberately chooses not do. The strategic plan embodies very big decisions with major consequences for the overall performance. Strategic and tactical planning are different in kind. The two forms of planning must be linked, and integrated, and must not be confused. About IKEA: IKEA is a privately-owned company founded in Sweden by Ingvar Kamprad. He first started to sell pens, wallets, picture frames, table runners, jewellery and nylon stockings and decided to add furniture in 1947. IKEA has now around 260 stores, much of which are located in Europe, the United States, Australia and Asia. Nowadays IKEA is known for selling modern and utilitarian furniture at low prices their vision is â€Å"To create a better everyday life for the many people†. IKEA motto is â€Å"Affordable Solutions for Better Living†. Their operations management are strongly focused on achieving this goal; they use their resources effectively to gain profit by developing a more economic way for the production of their wide range of service. This has involved them in working closely with their suppliers in order to control aspects of their business from the production line. Unlike most furniture stores, IKEA sells goods which need to be assembled by the consumer; this has enabled them to use space more efficiently in their warehouse. The company has developed methods to satisfy customers with their Unique Selling Point (show room, children’ area) and a wise use of technology (stock control, internet). TASK4 TASK5 The three-es that is economy, efficiency and effectiveness. MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY Efficiency can be measured in terms of the inputs required to generate the outputs. It is about the way in which work is completed. It is part of a manager’s job to help improve efficiency. For example, if the same work can be completed using less inputs or resources then efficiency has improved. Measuring efficiency means that the process followed to complete the work must be defined and then each part of the process studied to see what resources are required. This becomes the starting point or benchmark for measurement. Future work is then measured against the benchmark to see if it has taken more or less resource. Process changes are also measured to see if they are more or less efficient. It is also useful to measure one team’s efficiency against another and then adopt the most efficient methods as best practice– always assuming that effectiveness is maintained. MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS Effectiveness can be explained in terms of what is achieved. It is about whether targets are met or not. Performing effectively means that the right work is being completed. Managers are responsible for making sure that this happens. If a team is working really hard but not delivering what is needed, then they are not effective. Effectiveness is measured by setting out clear objectives before work starts and then evaluating whether the objectives have been met or not. MANAGEMENT ECONOMY Economy is the third element of the three Es model, covering the financial aspects of work being done. It could be argued that economy or finance is just one of the factors to consider when improving efficiency, but because finance is so important in today’s organisations, economy has become the third element. Economy is measured by looking at the cost of the resources consumed and the value of the output delivered. TASK6 The maximization of quality and productivity in each and every individual industry is the foundation of every economy aspiring to prosperity.Improve the companies income by making the production more acceptable to the customers: by providing longlife, greater usefulness, maintainablity,etc.Giving employees control includes giving them the power to make job-related decisions, the flexibility to organize their work in the way they find optimal, and the authority to find make improvements on how their job is done. Making this work requires providing employees with the training, coaching, and information they need to make intelligent decisions. Make Sure Supervisors Know How to Bring Out the Best in People – Supervisors play a huge role in employee morale, performance, and stress level. Supervisors who know how to provide guidance, support, and encouragement minimize employee stress. Supervisors with poor management skills or with personal problems, not only can’t help empl oyees deal with stressful times, they themselves are a tremendous source of stress. The time and financial resources you invest in selecting and training managers will pay huge dividends in reducing employee stress, increasing productivity, and minimizing turnover.

Strategy management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategy management - Literature review Example However, this fact does not affect his performance. In fact, crafting is characterized by the detailed review of organizational problems, allowing for more precise managerial decisions compared to common methods of strategic decision making, where there is the risk of generic assumptions. This advantage of crafting towards other methods of strategic decision making is made clear through the following statement of Mintzberg: manager as a craftsman ‘has to craft his strategy as a potter has to manage her craft’ (Mintzberg 1988, p.73). Another characteristic of the manager who acts as a craftsman is that he is able to use his critical thinking on a constant basis – even when executing a task using his hands (Mintzberg 1988, p.78); this potential for simultaneous use of mind and hands is an advantage of the manager who acts as a craftsman. The view of Mintzberg that the manager is a craftsman, is in opposition with the view of Miller et al. (2005) who noted that strategic decision making is based on intuition; when being used for decision making in organizations, intuition may have two different forms: it could be either a holistic hunch or an automated expertise (Miller et al. 2005, 22); in its first form, intuition is used in organizations where ‘exploration has been adopted as a goal’ (Miller et al. 2005, p.22-23); on the other hand, intuition in its second form can be identified in organizations that focus on ‘execution and building on past investments’ (Miller et al. 2005, p.22-23). At this point, it is assumed that these managers prefer to avoid focusing on details when having to develop critical strategic decisions (ignoring the theory of manager as a craftsman, as stated by Mintzberg, 1987) considering their intuition as more appropriate criterion for the development of effective strategic decisions. The use of the theory of Mintzberg for

Economic Effects of Higher Oil Prices Upon U.S. Households Research Paper

Economic Effects of Higher Oil Prices Upon U.S. Households - Research Paper Example dollar spent, ultimately passing the savings on to consumers. Likewise, when the value of the dollar is low against foreign currencies, something that can happen with sinking interest rates, U.S. dollars buy less oil than before. This, of course, can contribute to oil becoming costlier to the U.S., which consumes 25% of the world's oil (Are oil prices and interest rates correlated?) At the same time some people believe that oil price rise may decrease the automobile use and the decreased automobile use may decrease the demand for oil. In such circumstances, the oil producers may force to decrease the prices of oil. However, the above argument seems to be illogical since oil is a nonrenewable energy source. Oil producing countries definitely know that people cannot avoid the use of their own vehicles for a long time and they will be forced to use it again in the future when they realize that the alternate options are inconvenient. In fact oil companies produces more oil when the oil p rices increases and they produce less when the oil prices come down. They know very well that they will get higher prices in future because of the absence of other feasible energy sources. Dollar value fluctuates heavily in the global market because of the fluctuation in oil prices. "As the dollar declines in value, so does the price of oil in non-dollar terms," said Michael Woolfolk, senior currency strategist at the Bank of New York Mellon. "Consequently, foreigners bid up the price of oil and other dollar-denominated commodities. The result is that the price of crude oil and other commodities rise in dollar terms as the dollar falls in value against other currencies" (Twaronite) Since United States is a superpower and one of the most advanced countries in... As the essay declares people believe that oil price rise may decrease the automobile use and the decreased automobile use may decrease the demand for oil. In such circumstances, the oil producers may force to decrease the prices of oil. However, the above argument seems to be illogical since oil is a nonrenewable energy source. Oil producing countries definitely know that people cannot avoid the use of their own vehicles for a long time and they will be forced to use it again in the future when they realize that the alternate options are inconvenient. In fact oil companies produces more oil when the oil prices increases and they produce less when the oil prices come down. They know very well that they will get higher prices in future because of the absence of other feasible energy sources. Dollar value fluctuates heavily in the global market because of the fluctuation in oil prices. According to the research findings since United States is a superpower and one of the most advanced countries in the world, most of the other countries in the world are currently associated with America in one way or other. American technology is essential for many of the other countries and there are many items exported from America to other countries. On the other hand, America’s dependence on other countries is small and therefore the bargaining power of America would be more than that of other countries.

MRI Gradient Coils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MRI Gradient Coils - Essay Example researcher defined the gradients in line 10 of the last page. It could have been better if it was placed in the Introduction rather than in the last page since definitions were intended to introduce the reader to the significant terms used in the writing. The researcher wrote in the second paragraph of the abstract, â€Å"Human research magnets of 7T and 8T are operation in several site worldwide.† However, it is quite disturbing why these types of magnets were mentioned in the abstract but nothing in the research paper discussed these things. Said sentence therefore appears to be irrelevant. Thus, the researcher must either discuss these types of magnets in the body of the paper or better yet, totally delete the above-quoted sentence. In addition, the author mentioned in the introduction that he/she will elaborate on the different gradient types and designs thereof. However, perusal of the body of the research paper would show that only the three (3) main ingredients, to wit, z, y and x, were discussed as part of the MR system. In the last paragraph of the summary, the author stated, â€Å"the distinct advantages over normal radiographs and CT examinations, is that it does without the delivery of ionizing radiation to the patient†. I respect the author’s view; however, I cannot agree on this as MRI gives precise contrast differences between soft tissues that significantly help in diagnosing abnormalities than other normal radiographs and CT examinations.

Professional Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Liability - Essay Example In case the patient or his relatives, friends suffer a loss due to the negligent deed of the professional they can seek a civil claim to compensate for the loss. This is called professional liability. The online Medical dictionary offers the following definition of professional liability: this is the legal obligation of health care practitioner to recompense patients for causing damage or suffering by actions of omission. Professional liability is characterized by the responsibility of the healthcare professional to the patients for malpractice. It has become common in the medical profession to have insurance for negligence. I believe it should be obligatory for every nurse to protect her career by purchasing an insurance coverage. In this way she will be protected from the cost of legal and board of nursing actions. No nurse starts her education having in mind the malpractice lawsuits. Even when she begins practising this is not something she would like to think about. All nurses go into the professional with a profound dedication and commitment and with the genuine desire to help and serve people. However, as much as I don’t want to admit it, there is a certain risk involved in healthcare occupations, which stems mainly from the fact that the nurse is a licensed healthcare specialist. What should not be underestimated is that any nursing professional can be held liable and sued for negligence, regardless of how competent they are. Below are few examples under what circumstances a nurse can be sued: If a nurse makes a mistake while monitoring a patient, (or even if someone else accuses you of this); Someone admits a nurse has made an error in recording or reporting patient’s healthcare details and history; A doctor asserts that a nurse misinterpreted the directions he gave; A patient or his family/relatives admits the nurse did not delivered adequate care to the patient; If a nurse is off duty and she assists someone with an injury or any other h ealth problem and they make a claim for negligence; A nurse can also be prosecuted if someone under her superintendence makes a mistake. In addition, if the hospital or the doctor is sued instead of the nurse, both of them can amend and sue the nurse in return. It is not an easy situation and once the nurse has been prosecuted she might be required to go to court. From there, if the jury decides that the nurse did not indeed implement the â€Å"established nursing procedures† she can be held liable for thousands. This can happen even if the jury has no clue about nursing and the nurse will be criminally responsible for her deeds. I think nurses should be advised at universities about the risks of their profession and this should not be done to scare them, but to inform them and create self-consciousness. New nurses have to enter the profession with their eyes open and be aware that the more they know about the â€Å"small pitfalls† of their field the more capable they will be to act and react within the law and protect themselves against potential prosecution. Most hospitals provide individual or collective professional liability insurance coverage if the nurse is licensed healthcare representative. Some nurses prefer to buy supplement to the employer’s insurance coverage for their own personal reassurance and protection. One of the ways to proactively avoid or prevent negligence is to discipline nurses. Iyer (2001) says that the board of nursing may reprimand, give

No More Wars by Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No More Wars by Woodrow Wilson - Essay Example Woodrow Wilsons succeded in convincing Europeans through his speech and fourteen points. As a result Germany stopped the war and surrendered within the next 10 months (Snell, 1954). In an interview conducted during the Paris Peace Conference held in 1919, Woodrow Wilson and Sir William Wiseman explained how Germany agreed to stop the war as a result of the famous speech and fourteen points. The speech highlighted the importance of democracy in bringing the losting peace in the Europe . Woodrow Wilson wanted to present United States as a role model before the rest of the world and it was this intention which made him present these fourteen points. He was of the opinion that the United State should not involve in war. He was a democratic person who had true feelings not only for the people of the United States but also for the whole world, who wanted peace in the world. He thought of the entire world that’s why he was a trustworthy person. People had belief and confidence in him and that is why the Fourteen Points given by him were admired by the people. He used this credibility and made an emotional appeal to the people by giving the Fourteen Points which were welcomed by the people. The logic which was used in his points was very clear about the peace and those were having a strong internal consistency, and the benefits of his points were very clear that if they follow his points, there will be no war in future. The speech was having emotions because at that time the people were fed up of war and they wanted peace and prosperity and the speech was based on the peace. The speech was accepted by the Germans and then by the Britian. The base of the speech was the world wide problem rather than based on just self interest. The address which is based on the Fourteen Points given by Wilson was a great help in betterment of his nation.

Effects of various types of drugs Research Paper

Effects of various types of drugs - Research Paper Example This essay considers the various types of effects of these drugs as they influence the person or persons who have consumed them. Depressants have are a specific type of psychoactive drug that temporarily limits the functionality of a specific part of the brain or body ("Msds glossary," 2010). There are a broad variety of depressants, many of which human beings consume recreationaly. In these regards, one of the most popularly consumed depressants is alcohol. While most individuals have experienced the effects of alcohol, its necessary to advance an objective understanding of these effects as they relate to different types of psychoactive drugs. Some of the most notable effects of alcohol are disinhibitions. In these regards, the impulses one might think or feel when they are sober but are inhibited to act upon – when under the influence of alcohol – the individual is then considerably more likely to follow through (Myers 2010). Another notable effect of alcohol is slowed neural response. In these regards, significant alcohol consumption slows the users sympathetic nervous system so they oftentim es exhibit effects such as slurred speech, and impaired movement. The slowing of the individuals neural response through alcohol consumption is a highly notable effect, as it is through this effect that individuals oftentimes become involved in fatal traffic accidents. Another highly prominent type of depressant are barbiturates. Barbiturates are understood as, â€Å"can be used as hypnotics, sedatives, anticonvulsants and anesthetics, although they are probably most familiar as sleeping pills ("Barbiturate,"). In these regards, barbiturates are generally understood as tranquilizers for their sedative effects. While in small doses barbiturates have been administered as sleep or pain aids, in larger doses they can be potentially dangerous, leading to impairment of memory,

Building a Website Essay Example for Free

Building a Website Essay The information on the internet cannot be retrieved without the use of interface domains called websites. These are the main access portals where a person may be able to acquire information online. There are several basic steps in building a website. Such process will enable a user or an institution to acquire a definite space in cyberspace. According to BuildWebsite4U, there are at least three basic steps in establishing a website. The first of which is the formulation of ideas which will eventually put contents to a web domain. There are no general rules as to what contents are to be used. However, having a good and catchy interface for the visitors will always count to make a website efficient. Upon the identification of the website content, the optimization of the key parts of the website follows. The key phrases and words of a website influence all the mechanisms in leading visitors to the site. These search engine optimization qualities serve as doorways in which people will be able to access the web portal. The next phase in building a website is the establishment of its technical aspects. First, the web design should be constructed in a way that can achieve full exposure to internet surfers. The templates and how the contents are arranged in a page are of utmost importance. Next, a good and well developed HTML codes should be used. These website builder languages serve as the primary tool in executing the template plan of the web design. In case the owner wants to enhance the visual appeal of the website, additional web graphics features can be integrated to the web design using HTML codes. The last segment in constructing a website involves the activation of the address to become a part of a very wide world of cyberspace. This process will start by selecting domain names. Apparently, it is the most important aspect in the entire process of creating a website. A domain name will serve as the address of the website on the internet. A web developer can get these domains by registering to any of the reliable web hosts which can accommodate the files of the web portal. Works Cited BuildWebsite4U. 2002. How to Build a Website. November 14, 2007 http://www.buildwebsite4u.com/building/build-website.shtml.

Clt Communicative Language Teaching Knowledge Methods English Language Essay

Clt Communicative Language Teaching Knowledge Methods English Language Essay If person wants to learn something new, first of all, he should decide seriously for himself does he need the new knowledge, and how he might use it in the everyday life. This is what should be the first step to appear in persons head before starting a new cycle of studying. But bare intensions are not enough. Basically all people need to get help and support from the others who possess the knowledge, which a person only dreams about. So he has to find a good teacher. And then it is teachers turn to decide, what he can do for his new student. First of all, he needs to choose in which way he can transfer the knowledge to the student, and the chosen method must be the most effective one. There exists such an idea, that each person perceives new information faster and easier, if the best approach is found for him. It is a very delicate part of the whole process. Language is something special if to compare with other subjects. You need to become a completely different person, in other words -to dip in the specific culture, to change the speech apparatus, to think like you are of a different origin. It is a sort of a play, and methods are very different. There are comparatively new methods appearing, like CLT (Communicative Language Teaching), for instance. This method, or some prefer to call it an approach, is not very old; however, it wasnt introduced just yesterday too. Opinions of CLT are either positive or negative, but it still continuous being used by many studying institutions as well as in Latvian University. The goal of the present research was to investigate how students and teachers feel when using Communicative Language Teaching and what sort of difficulties they challenge in a process. The enabling objectives of the present research are as follows: to read the theory on CLT method; to analyse the information of the CLT method; to implement the necessary research activities (filling in the questionnaire); to draw the relevant conclusions. The hypothesis of the present work was formulated in accordance with the goal. Moreover, the research is conducted to provide that the CLT approach cannot always be considered as the perfect option for language students. During the investigation of the present theme the following methods were used: Theoretical method (reading and analysing the theory of the Communicative Language Teaching); Practical method (distributing the questionnaire to the students of the second course of English Philology, LU to find out their views on the CLT method). Environment of the present research: The University of Latvia, Faculty of Humanities, department of English Studies. Outline of chapters: The first chapter is basically about the good CLT points and its advantages. It also introduces CLT method to those who have never heard of it. In the second chapter, some information about the main difficulties and challenges of CLT method is given. ON THE ONE HAND As it was previously mentioned, the CLT is comparatively new method which was spread in 1970s. (Online 1) The basic reason for its appearance was the feeling of some teachers that the old methods are somewhat unnatural or out of date. In other words, students were taught such a live and delicate thing like a language in the artificial manner. They realised that they should change the situation for more natural and free. This, in fact meant another experiment. When they tried another way of teaching their students, they found out that it works and decided to spread it all over the world. This method was not a slight deviation from the standard methods; it was a real challenge to them. Because the newly made method consisted of everything that did not existed in the former way of spoken language teaching. First of all, CLT means freedom for those who are studying; and also less stressful atmosphere, which is very attractive both for teachers and for the students. This approach transforms a usual lesson to good and stress free time spending. Students can participate equally in all exercises, not waiting for every turn of them to speak. Each person is welcome to express his thoughts and ideas. The more you speak the more you practise. It is especially great, when the new class is formed and people are not well acquainted one with another. So the CLT method becomes a great possibility to learn something new about your partner or partners through conversational tasks, as well as to develop the communicative skills and to increase self-confidence. The basic novelty consists of an opportunity to act freely during the class performance, or even to become another person by taking a pseudonym. When person knows that its just a game he may act more bravely to his partners and to dream a lot. Moreover, usually the tasks are based on real life situations, so that students could imagine themselves talking to a native speaker, thus use all their potentials in the conversation with a stranger or an imaginary friend. And who knows, maybe this or that group work will prepare a student for the real life situations, when he could apply his experience. Any initiative is welcome in the CLT method. Teachers do not ask their student to speak without a single mistake, vice versa; they want to see the process of free speech and the intentions of a student to bring out the meaning so that the others can understand a general sense. ON THE OTHER HAND So on the one hand, CLT is a new step towards modern image of language studying, on the other hand, it concedes to the former way of teaching where the requirements were far stricter and the results were worthy. At those times students learned or sometimes even drilled new things, which an average person cannot memorise after a couple of brief conversations. This is a curious case, because today students cannot compare old and new methods. In other words, they have no choice, therefore they should get maximum of the method their teacher uses. It is also important that a teacher could freely operate with the new structure of the lesson when all students work at themselves. But a teacher usually only observes and corrects without much interfering. If previously the most part of the lesson was occupied by a teachers explanations and corrections, then now it is full of students voices and negotiations. So it is quite a loud lesson usually. Of course, sometimes students cannot come to a compromise, which makes it difficult to work afterwards. CLT is, definitely, not for the young students who sometimes are not taught how to hold themselves, how to develop a conversation with all manners and etiquette. If CLT is good for western countries or European countries, then not necessarily it would be an appropriate approach to the eastern students, because they are more reserved, and not used to chat a lot. Not all students are able to participate equally in the class activities. Or sometimes what is worse, some students may pretend that they participate, and act so that a teacher wont notice his disinterest. In the case of avoiding participation of some students, it is clear that CLT is not meant for them to achieve good results. Some people, both students and teachers, consider this method over relaxed, because there is no intensive grammar work. They believe that they can do the same things when they are not at school, for instance, to have a good conversation with group mates or friends. But during classes exactly a teacher should demonstrate all his knowledge, skills, and good examples and share his own rich experience. All these would not give students an opportunity just to mark time when they work together but to learn new rules words and other things which they even did not suspected or heard of. In the questionnaire everything looks quite obviously. Fourteen students of twenty (14/20) would prefer the modern method, where all people can work together in groups, and to share interesting ideas. However 6 of 20 prefer to work individually, considering it is more time worthy, as well as to be a good training, getting strong results and not only confidence training, but also responsibility developing. CONCLUSION CLT became something usual already; however it is not recognised by all specialists in the language teaching sphere. Many teachers still find it hard to use the CLT method in the class, because of having too different personalities among students. Young people, if to look at the questionnaire results, are not against working together with a partner. Basically they like sharing opinions among the same age group, and afterwards present their views to a teacher together. All this is good, however CLTs freedom make its users less responsible and not very concentrated, mainly, because, a portion of class work is divided for a group of people, which makes the situation easier. People are as if learning to be socially adequate, while should come to learn new things about the language. REFERENCES Communicative Language Teaching: An Introduction and Sample Activities. Available from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/gallow01.html [Accessed June 3, 2010] Communicative Language Teaching -Disadvantages. Available from http://www.englishcafe.com/chatcafe/group-forum/communicative-language-teaching-disadvantages-32878 [Accessed June 3, 2010]. Communicative Language Teaching: Unity within Diversity. ELT Journal.

Oxfam Marketing Analysis

Oxfam Marketing Analysis The charitable organisation chosen in this assignment is Oxfam international organisation. Oxfam standing for Oxford Committee for Famine Relief was founded in Britain in 1942 by a group who ran campaigns for food supplies to send for starving women and children in .. (Oxfam, 2012) In 1955, the Oxfam international charitable organisation was formed by a group of 17 independent non- government organisations in 94 countries with the aim to reduce the poverty and injustice. This assignment will discuss various activities of what Oxfam does and how this organisation raise money including fundraising campaign, the awareness programs, organizing inspirational events, etc. running shops which Oxfam has been doing to get money and implement 2 important objectives of the organisations including fighting poverty and fighting for right. Also, this assignment will explain various market and environmental factors which affect the organisation present and future direction. These factors include micro environment and macro environment. In an organization, marketing department is often considered as one of primely important departments to contribute to an organisations success. So, the roles and duties of marketing staffs cannot be denied to success of the department and the organization. This assignment will also discuss about the role play by the marketing staffs of The Oxfam international charitable organization. ANALYSIS The organisations activities Oxfams objectives is fighting poverty and for human rights, in more specific term, injustice in all over the world. The organization has worked world-wide to enable people to act for their rights and manage for their own lives. They believe that everyone has the right to access the essentials of life such as food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, sanitation, education, and livelihood to support themselves, their families and the society. Also, everyone has the right to live free from injustice such as gender injustice, oppression, human violence. So, how does Oxfam accomplish its aims ? The organization has been run many activities including running fundraising campaign, entertainment event, to get money from the donors as well as run many shops selling donated items from donors or products from companies. They will use all the money to support poor and needy people and victims of injustice, so that, these people can eliminate their difficulties and have better life. Firstly, Oxfam believes that poverty is not inevitable , however, it is a real challenge to overcome (Oxfam). To tackle this challenge, Oxfam has been focusing on 2 important areas which are economic justice and Essential services. With economic justice, Oxfam Charitable organization aim is that more men and women will realize their right to secure and durable livelihoods (OXFAM INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2007-2012). To achieve this aim, Oxfam charitable organization works together with many allies and partners in all over the world to accomplish 3 things which are making agriculture work, achieving fairer trade rules, and decreasing the impacts of climate change. They make more agriculture work for poor farmers and labors living in susceptible circumstances to reduce the economic differences among people. They also work to make sure farmers in poor countries have fair trade in world trade. By this activity, farmers in poor countries can access to the big fair trade zone such as EU agricultural markets. For example, Oxfam urges EU to allow Arab countries to fully access to EU agricultural markets while keeping a certain level of protection to their rural development needs (Euro-Med: Seeds of a raw deal?). Oxfam, in addition, supports vulnerable people, especially in agriculture, to adapt climate change. With essential services, the target of Oxfam is that people in poor condition, especially women and girls realize their rights to accessible and affordable essentials of life such as food , clean water, shelter, healthcare, sanitation, edu cation. This activity of Oxfam is focusing on demanding national governments to perform their responsibilities as well as their commitments in delivery of these essentials, supporting civil society organizations to push these governments to take their responsibilities in supplying these essentials, and making sure that rich countries and international associations will donate more funds as well as commit their promise on aid and debt reduction. Secondly, besides fighting poverty, Oxfam is also fighting injustice, especially gender injustice. Oxfam believes that Poverty often happen when peoples basic rights are violated. So that, fighting injustice is one of many ways to fight poverty (Oxfam, 2012). In more specific area, Oxfam fight gender injustice. The goal of Oxfam in this activity is to help more women attain power in their lives, live their lives without violence, and have the right to make decisions. This activity aims to change women attitudes, thinking and beliefs about relation of men and women in order to reduce the rate of violence to women as well as eliminate the gender differences in the work place . This activity supports women to engage more activities, access to leadership at all levels and have the rights to make decisions, so that, they can gain their power over and manage their own lives. Oxfam is known as one of the top charitable organizations in UK as well as around the world. Like other charitable organizations, Oxfam have to do fundraising to get money for activities that they are doing for people and it has to comply to UK legal principles and international laws and regulations for charitable organizations as well. There are many activities which Oxfam have been conducting to raise funds for the organization. There are 2 types of activities that the organization, specifically members of the organization, perform to raise money, and they are direct and indirect activities. First of all, indirect activities of a charitable organization would include activities such as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Influences of Market and Environment Factors to the Organization. In the 21st century, Profit organizations and Non-for-profit or charitable organizations have to face many challenges. The rapid changes of the economy environment in national and international sphere require these organizations re-formulate and implement new strategies, objectives to meet new challenges. Together with formulate the strategies, objective, the organizations themselves need to make changes to enjoy the competitive advantage from other competitors. As a charitable organization, Oxfam has to face with some changes and challenges that they never faced in the past which are climate change and its consequences, famines and crises of the prices, global financial crises, limitation of energy, proliferation of weapons, urbanization, shortages of natural resources, etc (Oxfam, 2012) . http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs To adapt these changes, Oxfam has to figure out what market and environment factors and forces may influence on their strategies, objective and future direction. There forces can be classified into 2 types which are micro environment and macro environment (Jobber, 2001). The micro environment consisting of factors such as suppliers, customers, distributions and competitors may directly influence the organisations ability to manage to supply their products and services to their selected markets. The macro environment includes various broader forces which not only affect the organization itself but also all factors in the micro environment. These factors in macro environment consist 6 key groups under demographic environment, economic environment, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural environment ( Kotler, †¦). While the micro environment factors can be managed and controlled by the organisation, the macro environment factors are uncontrollable. (Kotler, ). There are 2 types of approaches which are undertaken by Oxfam to analysis the micro or internal environment and macro or external environment market environment. They are PEST analysis and SWOT analysis. PEST ANALYSIS ; SWOT ANALYSIS To analyse the macro environment, it is helpful to indentify all the factors which may affect the organisations demand level, supply level, and cost (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991). kotler (1998) claims that PEST analysis is a tool which is very helpful for an organization to understand their position in the market, the stage of their business like growth or decline. Together with SWOT analysis, an organization can identify their strengths, weakness, potential opportunities or threads. So that, the organization can develop plan, strategy and direction for operation properly. The marketing of the charitable organization is quite different from marketing of any other profit organizations. While the profit organization can earn the profits by their business by hiring and paying their staffs to achieve the target, the charitable organization keeps their jobs going by getting the donations from donors and supports from volunteers. The Oxfam charitable organization run their all activities not for profit maximization, but more on collecting the money which they get and helps people who are in poverty and need help such as poor farmers, children, women, illiterate, etc. Like other profit and not-for-profit organization, Oxfam charitable organization is affected by market and environment forces. Firstly, economic factor may be the first factor which affects the Oxfams income in particular period obviously because the salary and income of common donors may be affected by the economic conditions such as inflation, high rate of unemployment. The changes of economic condition also affect the selling of products of many of Oxfams shops (Oxfam, 2004?) . Secondly, Oxfam charitable organization is affected by the legal-political environment which varies from country to country. As a international organization, Oxfam affiliates are all over the world. All their activities have to comply with each countrys laws, regulations, legal framework to avoid the illegal form in collecting donations which could affect their image in the future. For example, in UK, all the activities and operations of charitable organizations have to follow the regulations of   the Charities Act, 2006 () which requires the organization keep the annual records, prepare annual account and publish to public on request. So, the Oxfam organization in UK has to follow this regulation strictly in keeping all record about the income, expenditure from fundraising campaign as well as shop selling activities. PHILOSOPHIES Known as one of significant charitable firms in the world, Oxfams marketing concept can be considered as Societal marketing concept. The firm with societial marketing concept manages their marketing strategy in the way that emphasizes on determining and satisfying the needs, wants and interests of target market more efficiently and effectively than competitor. of poor people and people living in poverty and SEGMENTATION; TARGETING; POSITIONING When an organization knows about their target audience, they know everything and it is much easier for them to able to communicate with their target audience. There are many factors that an organization should know about target audience, which can be age, gender, income, types of products they use, programs they watch, etc. The target market of Oxfam charitable organization is the people in poor condition and needs assistances from all areas, regions, religions, etc in all over the world. The target market of the organization also emphasizes on people who are living in condition of injustice, specially women and girls. http://www.oxfamtrailwalker.org.nz/about/oxfam http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/why http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/accountability/strategic-plan

Lack of Forgiveness in Lucille Cliftons poem Forgiving My Father

The title of Lucille Clifton's poem, "forgiving my father", seems to be in sharp opposition with the poem itself. There seems to be no forgiveness, yet the title claims that it is there. The entire poem focuses on the debt of the author's father. "it is Friday." she says, "we have come to the paying of the bills." (1-2). But perhaps it doesn't necessarily mean that it is literally Friday, perhaps she just means it is the end, and maybe the debt isn't one of money, but of love. Clifton is using a monetary debt to symbolize a debt of love and affection. She uses this symbolism to show that by the end of the poem, she has forgiven her father, but it is not forgiveness as we would normally think of it. The poem begins by talking about how it is payday, but the father, as a ghost, is asking for more time to pay. How can a ghost pay anything? Even if he could get the extension, he would never be able to pay anything because he is dead. So why does she say it is payday? Perhaps the answer lies in lines 7 and 8 when she says, "my mother's hand opens in her early grave and I hold it out ...

Beauty Revisited :: Japan Culture Greece Essays

"When a man has gone deep enough in the lore of love and turned his attention to things of beauty in their due order,... there shall dawn upon his eyes a vision of surpassing beauty, for whose sake he endured all his former toils; a beauty which, in the first place, is eternal, without beginning and without end, unbegotten and without decay; and secondly, is not beautiful at one time or one place or from one point of view and then ugly, as if its beauty depended upon the beholders. Nor again will that beauty to his eyes take on the likeness of a face or hands or any fleshy part, nor of speech or learning, nor will it have its being in any other creature but will have its simple and essential being ever one within itself. ..." -plato "So when any one climbs the ladder of true love in this world till he catch a glimpse of that other beauty, he has almost attained that goal. And this is the true discipline of loving or being loved: that a man begin with the beauties of this world and use them as stepping stones for an unceasing journey to that other beauty, going from one to two and from two to all, and from beautiful creatures to beautiful lives, and from beautiful lives to beautiful truths, and from beautiful truths attaining finally to nothing less than the true knowledge of Beauty itself, and so at last what Beauty is." -Plato What is art? Who cares of beauty? What really goes on when I make art. Why do I love art? Do I feel the essence of this journey which Plato speaks of? Beauty, yes, that is the focus of my life,... beauty. It sounds fantastic, but it may be true. by looking at Platonic and Japanese ideals of aesthetic beauty, I will show that art is all about a feeling, a communion with that "simple and essential being, ever one within itself." It is an ongoing dialogue with the mystery of sentient, hard to discern emotions. I'm wary to say that my artistic endeavors are aimed towards beauty, maybe skill, luck, or ingenuity. This essay is more about the glue which bind one artistic experience to another, an irrational and ever-present push towards the unmade. Plato's basic philosophy centers around the "Allegory of the Cave," which, distilled, points out that for man to think that he may know the whole truth, end all and be all in itself, is for him to declare the largess of his own ego.

Accounting Is Dubbed “Language” of Business Activities

Essential link in objectives of business —–‘Accounting is dubbed â€Å"language† of business activities conducted by firms as it is used to communicate business transactions per se to all stakeholders’ According to Weygand, Kieso and Kimmel (2012, p. 4), the main purpose of accounting is consists of three basic activities, identifying, recording and communicating the business events by users. These three activities help the firm to operate the business to make decision be meaningful. Business has closely connection when doing transaction with their stakeholders by using the accounting, in order to make maximize profits.Role of firm Firm (also known as business or enterprise) is an organization involved trade goods and services to consumers. Business use different models and plans to figure out their target and outcome, in order to achieve organizational goal and achieve sufficient profit to finance our company growth, which create value and wealth fo r our shareholders. There are three forms of ownership, proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Every type of business receives different targets and objectives; it is because the employer or shareholder is taking different level of risk and responsible.Each organization’s employer sets its objectives to overcome difficulties. It relates to produce in different firms with different types products and how to satisfied their consumer, such as restaurant produce well-prepared food to hungry customers and cars factory fabrication and assembly of cars to produce in high-quality to buyers. Therefore, the method used or issued meet should be different. Each type of business system will meet different levels of target. The objective, however, is quite similar to each other. As Edmonds, McNair and Olds (2006, p. ) mentioned, in most cases, the companies aim to satisfy consumer preferences efficiently (at lowest cost) and aftermath with higher earnings. During business transaction , the main purpose for firms is to obtain maximize profits and the buyers to pay at least amount of money. Otherwise, the loss will lead firms be bankrupt and result in unemployment rate increased. Business Transactions Business transactions are recording the business’s economic events by accountant. The economic events such as transaction are passing through accounting process of organization to users.The accountant records the transaction when the financial position (assets, liabilities or equity) of the company changed. In addition, the accounting equation must include the transactions, two or more items, which have dual effect and could be affected. There are two types of transactions which called external and internal. External transaction is record business events between the company and some outside enterprise. For example, LMS pizza shop purchases of cooking machine (equipment) from a supplier, and then sale the piazzas to customers are related to external transaction s.Different to external transaction, internal transactions are economic events that occur all within one company. The use of cooking and washing machine (supplies) are internal transactions for this company. However, the company must analyze each event to illustrate if it affects the components of the accounting equation. For example, the company ordered additional films at $1000. This event will not be record. In the reason, the company’s financial position does not change during this activity. But if there is deposit that company needs to pay.Then the accountant should record this transaction. The accountant has ability to decide which transaction should be record. Determine the Value changing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) companies can apply fair value to property, plant, equipment and natural resources. The companies can sell the assets to fair value at the reporting data. If revaluation is used, business needs to follow the revaluation procedures. As sets that are experiencing rapid price changes must be revalued on an annual basis. Otherwise, less frequent revaluation is acceptable.However, most companies choose to remain the original cost they paid instead to revalue. It is faithful to represent the fair value and the negative effects on the net income. Business should evaluate the faithful representation and relevance of trades-off in any case and determine the importance that the company considered at. To illustrate asset revaluation accounting, assume that an organization called as LMS pizza shop, they purchased the used machine to making pizza for $10,000 on March 11, 2013. But at the end of May 2013, the cooking machine is increased its wealth value to $13,000.At this time, the accountant has two decisions to record this value changed. One is to revalue the price and another one is to keep it remains the same. However, this action should consider by the company own perspective. It is because the revaluation is affecting t he net income. In the short summary, if it is the case that the value falls, the company gets positive effects on the net income. Otherwise, the company obtains negative effects on the net income. Finally, the company can fetch a higher price if sold the assets at the reporting date. Essential link in objectives of businessTarget as the core of growth for companies. During operation, companies have many decision-makings, like which firm is better to award of contract and which firm can bring most benefits. These decisions are related to company’s benefit (profit), which are the business objectives. This is because the business objectives are the main purpose for running business to obtain maximum profit at lowest cost. The statement is more clearly to anyone, even who outside the organization. It is benefit for everyone to use the information of financial accounting.Especially is for investors, creditors and other external users. That is all of the fundament about financial a ccounting. According to IFRS, there are two measurement principles they usually use, the historical cost principle or the fair value principle. By using these two principles, company can clearly be seen in the earning profit or loss. According to Williams, financial accounting is wide range uses in the business community nowadays (Williams et. al, 2011). Any decisions that the business makes need to concern about all of three activities in accounting quation. The companies all predicate of the objectives that is bringing as much as profit to them. Summary Accounting as a major indicator for simply convenient operation and shorten the time to achieve company’s goals. It is not only a kind of business language, but also a tool for measuring the target for company. As a business tool, it help employer to narrow the distance with all stakeholders in any transactions, hence to help achievement of objective and then obtain higher rate of return in anytime. Words: 1068Reference * We ygandt, J, Kieso, E& Kimmel, D (2012), Financial Accounting (IFRS edition). WILEY. USA * Edmonds, T, Edmonds, C, McNair, F& Olds, P, (2006), Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts (5th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York * Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello (2011), Financial Accounting: Including IFRS, Financial Accounting (Fourteenth Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York * International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), retrieved from http://www. iasb. org/

Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care

A transactional leader is that who has only management and positional authority over others. He’s positional wise superior to the employees and all other working under him. There are no necessary skills needed to lead people. He’s in charge of their salaries and other finances.Transformational leadership involves motivating and encouraging employees to do their best in their performance. Employees must maximize their potential. The leaders strive to transform the organization structure for higher morals and high goals. Transactional leader (positional leadership) has simply managerial and administrative tasks, a positional authority. A transformational leader (influential) gets associated with his employees, and motivates them to transform and give better output, possessing specific leadership skills.Effective leadership is an important part of an organization and facilitates for advancing their goals. His leadership qualities let him to transform the organizational cul ture, politics and structure to a new form in order to complete future goals and become competitive advanced organization.The Components of LeadershipAn effective leadership will set a vision for an organization for some future goalsIt will mobilize and motivate others to perform best course of actions to achieve those goalsIt involves effective communication with employees to clearly show them vision of an organization and to influence them to work for the desired goalsA charismatic personality that becomes an ideal for othersChallenges to leadership development in nursing healthcareEffective nursing leadership in healthcare is mandatory for health care reform, patient care, health promotion and development of policies. It involves broad range of capabilities, activities and goals for the development this leadership in healthcare sector.Effective communication has always been important in nurse-patient and nurse-physician relationship. Nurses are always in a situation dealing with patients and their emotions, where illness has already made patients upset. In spite of their deteriorating health, patients need hope and encouragement for every minute they are breathing and for every day of the life they are living.As James Forrest Calland, MD, of University of Virginia stresses on the role of team communication in the operating room (Calland, 2001). He pointed to the fact that surgical errors are more common than medication errors. In operating room only trained staff with learned communication skills must be employed because surgeon alone is not responsible for the successful surgery, the role of nurses in maintaining the environment is important, where non-verbal communication sometimes compounds the problem.In critical care, team work has always been found to be productive. Hence, it is important for nurses and other staff to adapt to the environment and they must be trained with other staff in every discipline. Different educational programs for developing c ommunication skills and to work collaboratively must be developed.Impact of Different Leadership Traits And Styles In Today’s Health Care OrganizationDifferent models of change have been proposed. Methods and approaches used for change can be adopted in healthcare as well. The empirical-rational model is based on the fact that â€Å"individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-esteem. A good change will be adopted by only those who have good intentions.† This method stresses on fixing the part, that is the communication itself and making new ways for developing communication skills to bring the change. However, this method does not seem to be suitable for healthcare arena.The power-coercive method of change would also not be suitable for change in communication in healthcare as it uses power or force to make change. In this method individuals are forced to adopt change. In this method the rules and regulations will be imposed on the staff, â€Å"thatâ €™s how they have to communicate and behave† to make a change in the healthcare environment. However, this method has brought very few changes as seen from the history and is very less productive.The most appropriate and long last change can be brought through normative-re-educative approach. Everything that is accepted does not come passively but individual struggles to get it. Changes are brought through actions of people who are in charge of it by improving their thinking at personal level. The individuals who are in charge of it are educated, trained, and guided. In addition, individuals adopt change by understanding and re-educating themselves.In this method the work is done collaboratively with clients, agents and other team workers to bring a change. As discussed earlier that in healthcare collaborative work is much more important than individual efforts. Though, physicians are directly involved in patients’ diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, the environment in healthcare is maintained by nurses. Nurses are usually in charge of patients’ care and are in direct touch and contact with patients.Physicians has stressed that â€Å"clear communication with patients is important for establishing trust in them† (Slovik, 2001) also not making them disappointed about their health but still sticking to the real and factual information.Most physicians regard many surgical and medical errors due to lack of effective communication, as stated by Richard I. Cook, MD, of the University of Chicago, â€Å"There is a tendency to be very narrowly focused on communication. There is actually a dense web of communications among nurses, residents, pharmacists, surgeons and other members of the health care team.† (Cook, 2001)Communication is largely affected by other factors at workplace including stress, tension and fatigue. When nurses and physicians fail to collaborate there is an often report of an erroneous event. Many errors in health care reporting can simply be avoided through effective collaboration â€Å"where sharing of information and cross-checking accuracy is important.† Speaks Marta L. Render, MD, of the VA Midwest Patient Safety.Stressing the key points in effective communication, she states â€Å"honesty, openness, consistency and respect are keys to effective communication.† (Render, 2001) It is â€Å"a bridging activity† (Render, 2001) among various co-workers and staff. â€Å"Managing change is critical for a safe health care system. So is managing competing interests and conflicting goals.† (Render, 2001)ReferencesCalland, J. F. (2001) Addressing errors in the operating room. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.htmlCook, R.I. (2001) Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.htmlRender, M.L. (2001) Speaker at Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.htmlSlovik, P. (2001) Emotion, Reason and Risk Lessons for Risk Communication from Cognitive Science. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congre ss_archive/2001/summary.htmlNursing leadership development in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Nursing_Leadership_Development_Canada_e.pdfKutz, M.R. Necessity of Leadership Development in Allied Health Education Programs Retrieved http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num2/Kutz_Leadership.htm Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care A transactional leader is that who has only management and positional authority over others. He’s positional wise superior to the employees and all other working under him. There are no necessary skills needed to lead people. He’s in charge of their salaries and other finances.Transformational leadership involves motivating and encouraging employees to do their best in their performance. Employees must maximize their potential. The leaders strive to transform the organization structure for higher morals and high goals. Transactional leader (positional leadership) has simply managerial and administrative tasks, a positional authority. A transformational leader (influential) gets associated with his employees, and motivates them to transform and give better output, possessing specific leadership skills.Effective leadership is an important part of an organization and facilitates for advancing their goals. His leadership qualities let him to transform the organizational cul ture, politics and structure to a new form in order to complete future goals and become competitive advanced organization. The Components of LeadershipAn effective leadership will set a vision for an organization for some future goalsIt will mobilize and motivate others to perform best course of actions to achieve those goalsIt involves effective communication with employees to clearly show them vision of an organization and to influence them to work for the desired goalsA charismatic personality that becomes an ideal for othersChallenges to leadership development in nursing healthcareEffective nursing leadership in healthcare is mandatory for health care reform, patient care, health promotion and development of policies. It involves broad range of capabilities, activities and goals for the development this leadership in healthcare sector.Effective communication has always been important in nurse-patient and nurse-physician relationship. Nurses are always in a situation dealing with patients and their emotions, where illness has already made patients upset. In spite of their deteriorating health, patients need hope and encouragement for every minute they are breathing and for every day of the life they are living.As James Forrest Calland, MD, of University of Virginia stresses on the role of team communication in the operating room (Calland, 2001). He pointed to the fact that surgical errors are more common than medication errors. In operating room only trained staff with learned communication skills must be employed because surgeon alone is not responsible for the successful surgery, the role of nurses in maintaining the environment is important, where non-verbal communication sometimes compounds the problem. In critical care, team work has always been found to be productive. Hence, it is important for nurses and other staff to adapt to the environment and they must be trained with other staff in every discipline. Different educational programs for developing communication skills and to work collaboratively must be developed.Impact of Different Leadership Traits And Styles In Today’s Health Care OrganizationDifferent models of change have been proposed. Methods and approaches used for change can be adopted in healthcare as well. The empirical-rational model is based on the fact that â€Å"individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-esteem. A good change will be adopted by only those who have good intentions.† This method stresses on fixing the part, that is the communication itself and making new ways for developing communication skills to bring the change. However, this method does not seem to be suitable for healthcare arena. The power-coercive method of change would also not be suitable for change in communication in healthcare as it uses power or force to make change. In this method individuals are forced to adopt change.In this method the rules and regulations will be imposed on the staff, â€Å"that ’s how they have to communicate and behave† to make a change in the healthcare environment. However, this method has brought very few changes as seen from the history and is very less productive.The most appropriate and long last change can be brought through normative-re-educative approach. Everything that is accepted does not come passively but individual struggles to get it. Changes are brought through actions of people who are in charge of it by improving their thinking at personal level. The individuals who are in charge of it are educated, trained, and guided. In addition, individuals adopt change by understanding and re-educating themselves. In this method the work is done collaboratively with clients, agents and other team workers to bring a change. As discussed earlier that in healthcare collaborative work is much more important than individual efforts. Though, physicians are directly involved in patients’ diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, the environm ent in healthcare is maintained by nurses. Nurses are usually in charge of patients’ care and are in direct touch and contact with patients.Physicians has stressed that â€Å"clear communication with patients is important for establishing trust in them† (Slovik, 2001) also not making them disappointed about their health but still sticking to the real and factual information.Most physicians regard many surgical and medical errors due to lack of effective communication, as stated by Richard I. Cook, MD, of the University of Chicago, â€Å"There is a tendency to be very narrowly focused on communication. There is actually a dense web of communications among nurses, residents, pharmacists, surgeons and other members of the health care team.† (Cook, 2001)Communication is largely affected by other factors at workplace including stress, tension and fatigue. When nurses and physicians fail to collaborate there is an often report of an erroneous event. Many errors in hea lthcare reporting can simply be avoided through effective collaboration â€Å"where sharing of information and cross-checking accuracy is important.† Speaks Marta L. Render, MD, of the VA Midwest Patient Safety. Stressing the key points in effective communication, she states â€Å"honesty, openness, consistency and respect are keys to effective communication.† (Render, 2001) It is â€Å"a bridging activity† (Render, 2001) among various co-workers and staff. â€Å"Managing change is critical for a safe health care system. So is managing competing interests and conflicting goals.† (Render, 2001)ReferencesCalland, J. F. (2001) Addressing errors in the operating room. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.htmlCook, R.I. (2001) Plenary Sessio n I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.htmlRender, M.L. (2001) Speaker at Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.htmlSlovik, P. (2001) Emotion, Reason and Risk Lessons for Risk Communication from Cognitive Science. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/co ngress_archive/2001/summary.htmlNursing leadership development in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Nursing_Leadership_Development_Canada_e.pdfKutz, M.R. Necessity of Leadership Development in Allied Health Education Programs Retrieved http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num2/Kutz_Leadership.htm

Floods †A literature review Essay

Writer: Linber LewisSchool: President’s College, GuyanaIf one asks the question, what can floods do?, then the following may seem like fitting answers. During the summer monsoon season, heavy rains cause destructive floods in Southeast Asia. In China, the floods of the Huang He River have been so frequent and devastating that the river is called Chinas Sorrow. Likewise in the US, record spring and summer rains in 1993 caused the Mississippi Rover to overflow its banks, flooding farms and towns from North Dakota to Missouri, causing 10 billion dollars in damages and leaving 70, 000 homeless. These extracts attest to the destructive nature of floods. By contrast, Britannica Encyclopedia tells us that the success of the Egyptian Civilization was heavily dependent on the annual flooding of the Nile to replenish soil moisture and fertility, and also to supply to irrigation water. Since plants and animals are a part of human life, once can assume that if floods affect us they will affect them (plants and animals) also, whether positively or negatively. Research shows that domestic animals seem to suffer greatly during conditions of excess water. According to the book, Where there is no Vet; the infectious disease foot rot that attacks the hooves of animals, is prevalent during wet weather and in wet areas. It is known that floods bring a sharp increase in insect population. Consequently animals suffer from skin and eye irritations due to these insects. According to the Government Information Agency (GINA), during the 2005 flood, more than 2000 animals were treated during the early stages of the floods. They were treated for worms, diarrhea, nutritional deficiency, and respiratory and skin problems. The shortage of food had also affected animals. GINA also stated that feed and molasses were distributed. According to a Stabroek news article dated 05/02/16, farmers at Enterprise on the East Coast of Demerara had to place in excess of 1000 cattle on mud dams. In addition, many were stranded in flooded area, or stuck in mud. Many of these animals drowned due to cramps. Deaths of livestock were prevalent among cattle, swine, sheep and goat due to abortion or pregnancy complications. Animals on mud dams also fought amongst themselves resulting in many injuries that often resulted in  death. Ducks enjoyed the water but were made to prey to caimans. Other poultry sought refuge on roof tops. With regards to crops, information garnered from Biological Science 1 tells that terrestrial crops will not fare well during or soon after a flood, since excess water causes water logging that result in:Clogged air spaces leading to death of microorganisms in soil. Rotting of plan roots due to excess water. Leaching (washing away) of soil nutrients. A change in the pH of acidic soils. Surprisingly, Microsoft Encarta tells us that some varieties of rice grow with roots submerged in water, and that these varieties are more productive because their roots easily extract needed nutrients from water. But once rice starts to mature, water is drained or pumped out of fields since a dry field is needed for plants to mature and grains to ripen. In the same news article previously referred to rice, rice farmers in Enterprise lost over 300 acres of rice since the ripening grains were damaged by the excess water. However, when one looks at the response of the ecosystem to floods, the revelations that spring froth tell a different story. According to Nature Encyclopedia; most amphibians lead solitary lives, but for many species the need for water in which to mate, brings large numbers together at breeding pools. This exodus is dependent on factors such as daylength, temperature change and most importantly weather. The annoying croaking of male frogs to get the attention of a female occurs more frequently during the rainy season. Hence the rains (a likely cause of a flood) created an optimum condition for amphibian reproduction. The Nature Encyclopedia also tells us that some fishes take physical steps to  protect their offspring and thus build nests. The hassar nests, very common during rainy seasons are evidence that fishes also multiply in excess water. The sharp increases in mosquitoes during and after flood are due to the fact that their larvae mature in stagnant water. When an area is flooded, aquatic plants spread in the stop the flow of water and trap silt. Silt greatly aids in bringing more vegetation (such as reeds, lilies and grasses) to the flooded area. But a deluge can also have negative impacts on the natural ecosystems. An example given in the Nature Encyclopedia is the delay ion completion of metamorphosis in frogs. Tadpoles lose their gill for lungs, and lose their tail for legs provided that conditions are right, on their way to becoming mature frogs. But if environment is swamped, then the maturing frog will continue to grow but retain their gills and tails for longer periods in order to adapt to their surroundings. This delay in maturity means a longer elapse before reproduction. If this happens in large numbers (extreme cases) the frog population can be affected.

Visitor Motivations to Attend Events

Table of contents Introduction1 Food and wine festival2 Sport event3 Music Festival5 Cultural events6 Analysis of motivation8 Common motivation factors8 Unique motivation factors9 Need for organiser9 Conclusion10 Bibliography11 Visitor Motivations to Attend Events Introduction Motivation is the force. Pinder, cited in Gallstedt (2003), defines motivation as ‘‘a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being to initiate work-related behaviours, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration’’ (Gallstedt, 2003).Mullins (2008) describes motivation as this force which drives any person to show a specific behaviour towards any condition or situation or things. There are mainly two different natures of motivation one is come from person’s internal desire to do action. It is always self-applied and self accomplishment in individual. This kind of motivation is referring to the intrinsic motivat ion (Bratton et. al, 2010). While we discuss about the motivation of event visitor it also fall on this types of motivation visitor attend in the event to fulfil their personal desire.But there are different factors of motivation which fulfil visitors' desire. In the other hand extrinsic motivation works on external level of individuals. Every individual have expectation of external tangible outcomes like financial rewards, bonus, pay increase, profit share, and promotion in their job (Bratton et. al, 2010). The festival and events have extensively increased in number. Along with that its visitor also increased (Lee, 2000). Now a days events and festivals giving economy support to the hosting community or party. It's becoming an important tool for development for the community.Every year festivals and events are popular and visitor travel a long journey to participate. There are different kinds of events and festivals for example Sports, Cultural, Tourism, Music, Religious. Visitors of the events and festivals have their own purpose to attend on it. Each single visitor has motivation to attend on any kinds of events. In other words visitors' motivations to attend events and festivals are different. We can find visitor with different motivation in the same event. There are also some common motivational factors for visitors to attend different kinds of event above mention. e there are some common motivational factor in different kinds of events and different motivation factor in same event. There are some unique motivational factors for some events which we cannot find in other events. Here we are going to discuss about the common motivation factors of different kinds of festivals as Food festival, sport festival music festival and cultural festival and their unique motivation factor in each kinds of festival. Food and wine festival Food and wine festivals have becoming an important part of the special festival. It also an attraction points of tourist.Many touri sts attend food or wine festivals to taste foods and wine. They experience special types of food and wine from these kinds of festivals [ (Hall ; Mitchell, 2001) ]. As it is one of the important tourism activities Food and Wine festivals targeted to the tourist from international and local as well (Chang, 2011), (Chartersa ; Ali-Knightb, 2002). Chang 2011 study on the visitors' motivation to attend a food festival in the Old Town Spring SpringFest which is a regional food festival in Old Town organized every year in March. The town located 20 miles north of Houston, Texas. Old town is a historic 1900's railroad town.He studied the motivation of the visitor in 10,000 populations which is the number of visitors in the festival every year. After study of motivation of visitor from different demography like age, gender, marital status, education, income he came with many motivations factors in food festival. The top five dimensions of motivation and more other motivation factors are fun , to get out in the open air, heard about festival and it sounded like fun, for variety of things to see and do, to have a change from daily routine. He also found more activities which motivates visitors to attend in the festival.These are wine, escape, food, known group socialization, external socialization, art etc. Kwang-Soo, Park Yvette Reisinger Hyun-Jung Kang studied to identify the major factors that motivate visitors in wine and food festival. The objective of this study was to identify the major factors that motivated visitors to attend the South Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami Beach, Florida, and determine whether these factors varied among the visitors from the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, and Asia. They survey on 475 visitors to South Florida. In this study Forty-four motivational items were analyzed.The top most motivational factors were the desire to taste new wine and food, enjoy the event, enhance social status, escape from routine life, meet new people, spend time with family, and get to know the celebrity chefs and wine experts. Yuan et. al (2004) were also done one research on visitor motivation on wine festival and conclude that most important single reason for visiting festival was wine testing. According to their study, education and learning about wine, meeting the winemaker, socialising and having a day out and entertainment were reasons for their attendance at the festival (Yuan et. l, 2004). From above studies we can understand some important motivational factors of food and wine festivals which are testing food and wine, knowledge about food and wine, socialization, fun, family togetherness, escape, change from daily routine etc. Sport event Sport events help to generate revenue. Sports events represent a major area of event revenue contributing economic benefits to cities and regions. Whilst explain that attendance at sports events is recognised as an important leisure and entertainment activity (Shamir ; Rus kin, 1984).Funk describe that visitors desire to watch sport event occurs within five stages which are need recognition, tension reduction , drive state, want pathway, and goal behaviour. Here this needs illustrates how a need recognised fulfil by seeking way that satisfy the need and received benefit from them (Funk, 2008). John Hall, Barry O’Mahony and Julian Vieceli (2010) study about the motivation of the visitor in sport event . Their study identifies the antecedents of sports event attendance among 460 respondents who were surveyed in Melbourne. Their study was related to the motivational factor for the sport.They combined the motives of visitor in seven different dimensions as entertainment; emotional arousal, back room, true fan, front room, event and social factor there are fun, excitement, the arousal, friend and family. They found that financial and economical condition also influence to the motivation. Price of tickets or perceived value of the sport product are f all into controlled factor which can controlled but the average income of the population and economic condition of the country are fall into uncontrolled factor which cannot controlled by event organiser.There are also some factors which called front room and back room factor. Back room factor are factors amenable to management control that contributes to the overall experience this includes parking, ease of getting a seat and stadium accessibility. Front room factor Facilities or elements of the event experience that are under the control of management. These front room factors relate to factors, which could be said to directly influence the spectator’s enjoyment of the event experience, which include alcohol and smoke free zones. True fan factor Attendees for whom the enjoyment of the game itself is most important.They are interested in the competitive nature of the event, the process the outcomes and the performance of the team or individual that they support. Kevin Filo, Daniel C. Funk and Danny O'Brien investigate motivates of the participants' attachment to a charity sport event. They come with four findings in which first was hobby of charity giving , second was social, reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others in which they focused more on the charitable cause. Third group of attendants also motivated by the factors of second group but they are less focused on the charitable cause.Fourth finding of the study was the motives for charitable giving make a stronger contribution to attachment for an event with a more prominent charitable cause, while the recreation motives make a stronger contribution to attachment to an event with a less prominent charitable cause. Overall sport events have five to six dimensions of motivation to attract its visitors. Socialization, escape, Event attachment, Family and friends etc. furthermore there are some more motivational factors as true fan, drama, etc which we will discuss later. Music Festival Numbers of musical festival organised every year.According to Bowen, and Daniels (2005) music festivals are unique and special event which attract visitor to hear and view the performance (Bowen ; Daniels, 2005). They had done the research to find more about the motivations for attending a large, multi-day music festival. To find out motivation they conduct interview with visitor on the event site of Celebrate Fairfax, an annual music festival held in Virginia (USA). In the study difference factors of visitor's motivations were analyzed by dividing into three categories as Discovery, Music and Enjoyment.Factors included in these three categories were Increase knowledge of local culture, be with people from community, experience new and different things, recovery from hectic pace, listen to music, special appeal , family and friend togetherness, other non musical attraction, and party and have a fun. From the same study they try to find out whether music matters in musical festival or not? In t he answer of this question authors conclude that music is important to music festival but there are some visitor for them music is not more important.This study suggested that it is better to other non-musical factors in musical festivals. Because musical is no more important for some visitors attend on musical festival. To attract non-musical visitors event need to have some non-musical motivational factors such as socialization, fun and etc. along with musical performance. Gelder and Robinson also agreed with Bowen and Daniels that music festivals need some non-musical experience. When completed the comparative study of visitor motivation for music festival from Glastonbury and V Festival two largest music festivals in UK with 200,000 visitors.They suggested to V Festival, that it needs to include non-musical components on it as socialization, fun, and enjoyment [ (Gelder & robinson, 2009) ]. Formica and Uysal (1996) were analyzed Twenty-three motivation items including them into five different dimensions of motivation as excitement and thrills', socialization', entertainment', event novelty' and family togetherness' while comparing festival motivations of residents and non-residents for Umbria Jazz Festival in Italy.As a result they found socialization factor affect to the residential visitor and non residential visitor are motivated from ‘entertainment' factor (Formica ; Uysal, 1996). Cultural events There are different literatures and researches have done on motivation of visitor for cultural festival. In 1996 Schneider and Backman have done one study on motivation of the cultural festival visitor in Jerash Festival for culture and art festival of Jordan. In the study they tried to find out if the motivation factors are applicable for outside of North America or not?In that study they analyzed twenty three factors of motivation in five different dimensions as family togetherness/ socialization', social/leisure', festival attributes', escape' and eve nt excitement'. The result how that in spite of differences in importance of factors of motivations, the scale developed in United State was also reliable to other parts of the world like Arabic country and South Korea as well (Schneider & Backman, 1996). Formica and Uysal explored the motivation of visitor for ‘Spoleto Festival', a cultural festival in Italy in 1998.In the study they investigated on twenty-three motivation items with six factors as socialization/entertainment, event attraction/excitement', group togetherness', cultural/historical', family togetherness' and &site novelty. In the conclusion of the study they suggest that there are different in motivation between loyal and fair according to their age, income and marital status. (Formica & Uysal, 1998). In 2000 Lee compared the motivation factors of cultural festival between Caucasian and Asian visitors in the Asian setting of the Kyongju World Cultural Expo.In the expo there are performances from 48 different co untries. In his research, he studied on 32 motivation items categorising on seven different dimensions. The seven dimensions which studied by Lee were ‘cultural exploration', family togetherness', ‘escape', ‘novelty', ‘external group socialization', ‘event attractions' and known-group socialization'. From this study Lee found that the motivation level of Caucasian visitors was slightly high then of Asian visitors at Kyongju World Culture Expo. There was high motivation in regarding to cultural exploration and event attractions for both types of visitors.But the factor ‘family togetherness' found little bit weak to motivate in that expo (Lee, 2000). Lee et. al (2004) studied on the festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Purpose of the study was to find out the importance of festival market segmentation based on visitor motivation for promotion of event or festival. To study about segmentation of visitor they select the 2000 Kyongju Wo rld Culture Expo organised in Kyongju, South Korea. In the expo over 9000 artists from different countries performed for 87 days between September to November. According to this article More than 1. million visitors visited the expo in 2000. In this study authors identified six motivation dimensions for visitors attending the 2002 World Culture Expo as cultural exploration, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions, and socialization. Among all dimensions cultural exploration found the high portion of motivation in visitors (Lee, Lee, & Wicks, 2004). Analysis of motivation Common motivation factors After reviewing the work of different authors on motivation of events visitor, we can conclude that most of motivation items in every kinds of events are common. e can combine them in five to seven different dimensions as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty, learn and explore culture and Excitement or thrills (Chang, 2011) (Bowen & Daniels, 2005) (Formica & Uysal, 1996). Socialization: socialization is a desire to interact with a group and its members. There are two types of socialization internal and external socialization. Internal means being with friend or the people already know. External means meeting new people. Family togetherness: this is the desire to enhance family relationship.People motivated by this factor attend event to seek the opportunity to be with family, relatives and friends. At the same time they have desire of doing things together. Escape: Escape from daily routine and the things which we see or do everyday. It is a Desire to have change in usual demands of life, and desire to have some change to minimize the life’s stresses. Learning or exploring cultures – learn about or explore other cultures. Visitors motivated with this factor have a desire to gain knowledge on different kinds of cultural practices and celebrations. Excitement or thrills – desire to do some s timulation things.People excited to do these kinds of activities. Event novelty – this is the desire to do unique and new things. Every this is related to the curiosity of person. Visitor wants to do new and different things and or attending a festival that is unique. Sourse: (Foster & Robinson, 2010) (Bowdin et. al, 2011) Unique motivation factors In spite of common motivation items in every kind of events, there are some unique motivation factors for different events. For example the motivation item ‘food testing' is only applicable for food festival. Visitor may not motivate to attend in cultural expo with this motivation.According to Chang (2011) study more then one third visitor of food and wine festivals motivated with food and wine items. They have a desire to test, purchase, being familiar, increase knowledge about the food and wine (Chang, 2011). Sport event have also unique motivation factor called true fan (Hall, O’Mahony, & Vieceli, 2010). In the word s of Allison 2001, â€Å"True fans stand on terraces, they shout and sing and sometimes fight; they talk of the club as ‘we' or ‘us' and measure their lives in remembered result; they get as much misery as joy from the whole thing† (Allison, 2001, p. 51). For true fan attendees for in the event it is most important. Mostly they are interested in competitive nature of events (Hall, O’Mahony, & Vieceli, 2010). Bowen and Daniels (2005) wrote about the music festival that attract audiences for a variety of reasons but enjoying the artists’ performance is popular motivational factor for music festival or event (Pagg & Patterson, 2010) Motivation: Need to Know by Organiser As a event organiser or manager its important to understand the motives of event visitor.There are different researches, and studies which have suggestions for event managers which make clear why a manager or an organiser need to know motivation in order to organise events or festivals. Manager need to include more activities that not specifically related to the main Purpose of the event. For example Bowen and Daniels study on the topic ‘Does Music Matter? ‘ and come with the result that: music is important to music festival but there are some visitors for them music is not more important.So its better to make festival environment where visitor can socialize, fun and some non-musical experience along with music performance (Bowen & Daniels, 2005). Manager need to understand and offer key motives of events. From above study we find some key motives of visitor to attend events. As an event manager understanding of motivational factor is important to design and serve the product according to visitors desire to receive or being served (Gelder & robinson, 2009). It is important for event manager to Analysis of motivations for festival attendance for market segmentation and effective promotion.Lee suggest manager that for planning events and festival, motivat ion analysis is important to identify different needs and to segment target markets (Lee, 2000). 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